- A guide to managing and using the FIDIC contract form
- Includes flowcharts (figures), sample letters and checklists
This book provides an introduction to the 1999 FIDIC forms of contract
including the FIDIC Red Book, the FIDIC Yellow Book, the FIDIC Silver Book and the new
2008 FIDIC Gold Book.
Consulting engineers, architects and employers will also find reliable
information about the FIDIC White Book. The authors explain the meaning of terms and
features which are used by FIDIC. In particular the authors attempt to explain the English
legal wording in its original legal context for use in civil law countries. Common law
practitioners will find useful advice on civil law features and concepts which affect the
use of FIDIC contracts in civil law countries. The book covers pre-contractual and
contractual issues and the management of FIDIC contracts and offers support in
interpreting and understanding the contract terms and contract procedures as to
variations, tests, payment certificates, taking-over cases, claims and dispute resolution
features. It includes flow charts, glossaries, checklists and sample letters. Common law
practitioners will also find helpful information on civil law jurisdictions and civil law
concepts.
Table of Contents
1 Legal Systems 1
1.1 English Contract Law 3
1.1.1 Relevant Provisions 3
1.1.2 English Legal System 4
1.1.3 Entering a Contract 4
1.1.4 Validity of Contract . 9
1.1.5 Express Term or Representation 9
1.1.6 Implied Terms 10
1.1.7 Discharge 11
1.1.8 Common Features of English Construction Contracts 13
1.2 Finnish Contract Law 16
1.3 French Contract Law 17
1.3.1 Relevant Provisions 17
1.3.2 Entering a Contract 18
1.3.3 Contract Interpretation 20
1.3.4 Effects of a Contract 21
1.3.5 Limitation Periods . 22
1.3.6 Pre-contractual Liability 23
1.3.7 Good Faith 23
1.3.8 Performance 23
1.3.9 Damages and Limitation of Liability 25
1.3.10 Penalty Clauses 26
1.3.11 Subcontracting 26
1.4 German Contract Law 27
1.4.1 Relevant Provisions 27
1.4.2 German Legal System 27
1.4.3 Entering a Contract 29
1.4.4 Contract Interpretation 30
1.4.5 Construction Contract 31
1.4.6 German Legal Concepts as to Construction Contracts 32
1.5 Romanian Law 46
1.5.1 Relevant Provisions 46
1.5.2 Definition of Contract Under Romanian Law 46
1.5.3 Effects of the Contract 47
1.5.4 Limitation Periods 47
1.5.5 Does Romanian Law Recognize Pre-contractual Liability? 47
1.5.6 Non-performance Remedies 47
1.5.7 Damages and Limitation of Liability 48
1.5.8 Penalty Clauses 49
1.6 Islamic Law 49
References 53
2 Conflict of Laws 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Nature of the Cause of Action 56
2.3 Pre-contractual Stage 57
2.4 Proper Law of the Contract 58
2.4.1 Rome Convention 58
2.4.2 Rome I Regulation 60
2.5 Tort Law 61
2.6 Quasi Contracts 64
2.7 Choice of Law as to Extra-contractual Claims 65
2.8 In Rem Claims 66
2.9 The Importance for Choice of Law Issues 66
2.10 Compliance Rules 69
References 70
3 English and International Standard Forms of Contract 71
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Types of Contracts 72
3.3 Common Characteristics of Standard Forms 73
3.3.1 The Position of the Engineer . 73
3.3.2 Certification 74
3.3.3 Time 74
3.3.4 Programming 75
3.3.5 Substantial Completion and Taking Over 75
3.3.6 Liquidated Damages 75
3.3.7 Claims 76
3.3.8 Dispute Resolution . 76
3.4 Contract Forms Overview 77
References 79
4 Civil Law Business Terms 81
5 Development Stages 83
5.1 Overview 83
5.2 Pre-contract Stage . 86
5.2.1 Base Date 92
5.2.2 Information Transfer and Research 93
5.2.3 Survey Report 95
5.3 Tender Stage 95
5.4 Performance 96
References 98
6 Understanding FIDIC: A Civil Law Approach 99
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Legal English 101
6.3 Conceptual Legal Background 102
6.4 Lex Mercatoria 106
6.5 English and Other Legal Terms 108
6.6 FIDIC Contracts Guide, Time Lines and Other Support 108
6.7 Unidroit Principles 120
References 122
7 FIDIC Contract Documents 125
7.1 FIDIC Rainbow 125
7.1.1 Overview . 125
7.1.2 Balanced Forms of Contract 127
7.1.3 International Scope 127
7.1.4 Interpretation 129
7.2 Drafting a Contract 131
7.3 General Observations as to the FIDIC Contract Documents 133
7.4 Contract Documents Book by Book 134
7.4.1 Red Book 134
7.4.2 Green Book 135
7.4.3 Yellow Book 136
7.4.4 Silver Book 138
7.4.5 Gold Book 140
7.5 Contract Documents Manual 141
7.5.1 Contract Agreement 141
7.5.2 Particular Conditions 142
7.5.3 Employer’s Requirements 144
7.5.4 Contractor’s Proposal 154
7.5.5 Payment Schedule 155
7.5.6 Drawings 158
7.5.7 Specifications and Bills of Quantities 159
7.5.8 Further Documents (Gold Book) 159
7.5.9 Dispute Adjudication Agreement 160
7.5.10 Guarantees 160
7.6 Contract Preparation and Pitfalls 161
7.6.1 Technical Standards 161
7.6.2 Delay Damages 162
7.6.3 Performance Damages 164
7.6.4 Defects Notification Period 165
7.6.5 Retention Money 166
7.6.6 Sections 166
7.6.7 Taxes, Levies and Customs 167
7.6.8 Copyright 168
7.6.9 Labour 169
7.6.10 Handback Requirements 169
7.7 Alteration of FIDIC Conditions 170
7.7.1 Guiding Principles 170
7.7.2 Preparing Tender Documents – The FIDIC Contracts
Guide –Guidance for the Preparation of Particular Conditions . 170
7.7.3 Complementary Terms of Contract 171
7.7.4 Recommendations 173
7.7.5 Pitfalls and Issues 174
References 175
8 Employer’s Duties 177
8.1 Introduction 177
8.2 Arrangement for Payments 177
8.3 Duty to Pay 178
8.3.1 Introduction 178
8.3.2 Contract Price 178
8.3.3 Provisional Sums 179
8.4 Duty to Co-operate 181
8.4.1 Access to the Site 181
8.4.2 Permits, Licences or Approvals 184
8.4.3 Duty to Minimise Delay 184
8.4.4 Duty to Make Financial Arrangements 184
8.4.5 Duty to Provide Information . 185
8.4.6 Estoppel 185
8.5 Duty to Compensate 186
8.5.1 Compensation for Interference by Employer . 189
References 190
9 Contractor’s Duties 191
9.1 Introduction 191
9.1.1 Pre-contractual Duties 191
9.1.2 Completion of the Works 192
9.1.3 Design 193
9.1.4 Operation 193
9.2 Quality and Defects 198
9.2.1 Overview 198
9.2.2 Workmanlike Manner 198
9.2.3 Design Skills 200
9.2.4 Definition of the Term ‘‘Defect’’ 200
9.2.5 Operation Service 204
9.2.6 Final Remarks 206
9.3 Time for Completion 206
9.3.1 Duty to Comply with Time for Completion 206
9.3.2 Programme 206
9.3.3 Obligation to Proceed in Accordance with the Programme 207
9.3.4 Extension of Time . 208
References 208
10 Design Responsibility 209
10.1 Introduction 209
10.2 Employer’s Design 210
10.3 Contractor’s Design 212
10.4 Contractor’s Design Liability 213
10.5 Design Procedure 216
10.6 Design Warranties 218
10.7 Design Update 218
10.8 Deliverables 219
References 219
11 Engineer 221
11.1 Introduction 221
11.2 The Role and Function of the Engineer . 221
11.3 Determinations 227
11.4 Constraints and Restrictions on the Engineer 228
11.5 Powers of the Engineer 229
11.6 Instructions 230
11.7 White Book 230
11.7.1 Overview 231
11.7.2 Cooperation 231
11.7.3 Liability 232
11.7.4 Scope of Services 233
11.7.5 Payments . 234
11.7.6 Changed Circumstances 234
11.7.7 Intellectual Property . 235
11.7.8 Disputes 235
References 236
12 Time for Completion . 237
12.1 Introduction 237
12.2 The English Concept of Time for Completion 238
12.3 Civil Law Approach 242
12.4 Time Control 245
12.5 Extension of Time 247
12.6 Concurrent Delay 247
12.6.1 Common Law 249
12.6.2 Civil Law 252
12.6.3 FIDIC 254
12.7 SCL 256
12.8 Liquidated Damages and Penalties 256
12.8.1 Validity of Liquidated Damages Clauses 256
12.8.2 Delay Damages 258
12.8.3 Milestone Damages 259
References 259
13 Variations 261
13.1 Introduction 261
13.1.1 Variations in General 261
13.1.2 Contract Clauses . 262
13.1.3 Extent of Change Allowance Rules . 263
13.1.4 Change Orders 264
13.1.5 Control 265
13.1.6 Consequences 266
13.1.7 Remarks . . 267
13.2 Variations Under FIDIC 268
13.2.1 Yellow, Silver and Gold Book . 271
13.2.2 Red Book . 273
13.3 Variation Procedure . 276
13.4 Avoidance of Variations 279
References 281
14 Tests 283
14.1 Introduction 283
14.2 Tests Until Completion 284
14.3 Tests on Completion 284
14.4 Tests After Completion 286
14.5 Tests During the Defects Notification Period 286
14.6 Delayed Tests 286
14.7 ISO Standard 287
14.8 Tailoring Test Procedures 288
References . 288
15 Certificates 289
15.1 Introduction . 289
15.2 Taking Over . 289
15.3 Performance . 291
15.4 Payments 292
15.4.1 Introduction 292
15.4.2 Measurement 296
15.4.3 Valuation 299
15.4.4 Payment Procedures 299
15.4.5 Payment Delays 303
15.4.6 Late Payment 303
15.4.7 Retention Monies 304
15.5 Disputes 304
References . 304
16 Defects Notification Period and (Post Contractual) Defects Liability
16.1 Introduction 305
16.2 Duration of the Defects Notification Period 305
16.3 Duty to Remedy and to Search 306
16.4 Meaning of the Duty to Remedy 307
16.5 Removal of Defective Work . 312
16.6 Failure to Remedy defects 312
16.7 Extension of the Defects Notification Period 313
16.8 Legal Liability 313
16.8.1 Normal Liability 313
16.8.2 Decennial Liability 314
References 315
17 Termination 317
17.1 Introduction 317
17.2 Termination for Convenience 319
17.3 Termination with Good Cause 319
17.4 Notice 320
17.5 Particular Reasons for Termination 321
17.6 Consequences of Termination 321
17.6.1 Works 322
17.6.2 Payments 322
17.7 Termination Agreements 324
18 Discharge, Frustration and Force Majeure 325
18.1 Risk and Risk Allocation 325
18.2 Normal Discharge 327
18.3 Rebus Sic Stantibus 329
18.4 Force Majeure 330
References 333
19 Risk, Insurance and Exceptional Risk 335
19.1 Introduction 335
19.2 Legal Risk Allocation 336
19.3 Risk Assessment 339
19.3.1 Overview 339
19.3.2 Employer’s Risk 340
19.3.3 Care for the Works 340
19.3.4 Sub-contractor’s Risk 342
19.3.5 Fencing, Lighting and Guarding . 342
19.3.6 Misinterpretation of Data 342
19.3.7 Bodily Injury 343
19.3.8 Caps 343
19.4 Insurance 344
19.5 Contractor’s All Risk Insurance . 347
19.6 Uninsurable Risk 350
References 350
20 Bonds, Guarantees, Letters of Credit 351
20.1 Introduction 351
20.2 Civil Law Security Types 352
20.3 Common Law Types 352
20.4 Letters of Credit 353
20.5 FIDIC 354
20.5.1 Performance Security 354
20.5.2 Advance Payment Security 355
20.6 Conclusion 356
21 Claim Management 357
21.1 Introduction 357
21.2 Procedural Rules 361
21.3 Claim Review and Preparation 365
21.4 Claim Notice 371
21.5 Documentation Requirements 376
21.6 Presentation of Claims 376
21.7 Claim Avoidance 377
21.8 Extension of Time Claims 378
21.9 Money Claims 382
21.9.1 Cost 383
21.9.2 Profit 386
21.9.3 Loss of Productivity Claims 387
21.9.4 Legal Claims 387
21.10 Gold Book 388
References 391
22 Disputes . 393
22.1 Introduction 393
22.2 Dispute Resolution Methods 394
22.2.1 Introduction 394
22.2.2 Mediation 394
22.2.3 Dispute Review 396
22.2.4 Dispute Adjudication 396
22.2.5 Arbitration 397
22.2.6 Summary 398
22.3 FIDIC Dispute Adjudication 398
22.3.1 Introduction 398
22.3.2 Function and Role of the DAB 400
22.3.3 Appointment 400
22.3.4 Dispute Adjudication Agreement 401
22.3.5 Dispute Avoidance 402
22.3.6 Referral of a Dispute 402
22.3.7 Jurisdiction 402
22.3.8 Procedure 404
22.3.9 Applicable Law 406
22.3.10 Reaching a Decision 406
22.4 Issues 407
22.5 Dispute Adjudication in Civil Law Countries 409
22.5.1 Enforceability of Dispute Adjudication Agreements . 410
22.5.2 Jurisdiction . 411
22.5.3 Binding Effects of DAB Decisions on the Parties 411
22.6 New Features 413
References . 416
23 Samples 417
23.1 Sample I: Notice of Commencement Date . 417
23.2 Sample II: Notice of an Event or Circumstance 418
23.3 Sample III: Notice that Work Is Ready 420
23.4 Sample IV: Notice of Approval 421
23.5 Sample V: Instruction 422
23.6 Sample VI: EOT Claim Following Variation 423
23.7 Sample VII: Rejection of Work 424
23.8 Sample VIII: Application for Taking-Over Certificate 425
23.9 Sample IX: Letter from Engineer, if Employer’s Approval Is Late 426
23.10 Sample X: Determination 427
23.11 Sample XI: Notice of Dissatisfaction with a Determination of the Engineer 428
23.12 Sample XII: Notice of Referral of Dispute 429
23.13 Sample XIII: Chairman of the DAB to Parties: Establishment of the Procedure 430
23.14 Sample XIV: Notice of Dissatisfaction with a Decision of the DAB 431
23.15 Sample XV: Addendum . 432
24 Delay Schedule 433
Index 437
XXXV, 445 pages, 41 illus., 20 in color., Hardcover
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